Fences in the Landscape
Uses - Wooden fences are common and functional design features
in residential landscapes.
Fences:
- provide privacy and security,
- can be used to create and define outdoor spaces
- modify wind and sun exposure,
- keep the kids and the dog in and the neighbors out.
Fences are a major part of the landscape budget and have a tremendous
impact on the quality and aesthetics of the landscape. Since fences are
so important, they should be considered a major portion of the entire
landscape, not separate element.
Unfortunately, the type of fence used in many residential landscapes
is based on the sale prices for fence panels at the local lumberyard
or fence company. Many designers also limit themselves to inexpensive
but boring fence "kits". This results in fences that are incompatible
with the architectural style of the home and other landscape features
or fail to fulfill an intended purpose. Dynamic fences are easily constructed
and making a fashion statement doesn't really cost as much as you might
think.
Non-design Factors
Several non-design factors should be considered when contemplating
installation of a fence.
- First, be aware of the legal ramifications. Some communities limit
maximum heights for privacy fences. These often vary depending on
the area of the yard in which the fence is located. For instance,
side yard fences may be limited to six feet high, while eight foot
is allowed in the back of the property.
- Also, check for subdivision covenants that may restrict fence material
or style.
- Review deed descriptions to establish the exact property lines before
constructing a fence. It is recommended that the fence be set back
a few inches on the homeowner's property. This can save some hassles
in the future.
Design
The particular design of a fence is limited only by the imagination
of the designer, the talent of the construction crew and the budget
of the client. Since the strong vertical and horizontal lines of a fence
make it a conspicuous landscape feature, it must blend with the other
site features. Determine the type of fence most appropriate for the
site and architecture of the home.
Solid fences
Solid or board-on-board fences should relate to the slope of the land.
If the line of the fence undulates with the slope it is visually disruptive.
If a solid fence is to be constructed on a slope, it is best to step
the sections of the fence down the slope, keeping the top horizontal.
An extension at the bottom of some panels may be necessary if one purpose
of the fence is to corral pets.
Open fences
Open fences such as split-rail or post-rail are most appropriate if
they follow the contour of the land. Fences that can be seen through
harmonize with the site. Even though they provide minimal security or
privacy, they are popular for demarcation of boundaries and provide
psychological "assurance" for the client. Fences that are visually open
are particularly suited for rural properties.
Straight-line fences
Straight-line fences are the most economical to construct and are
the most common design used in residential landscapes. Additional interest
can be provided if offsets or jogs in the fence line are used. A gate
can be hidden by planting areas or a little mystery provided with offsets.
Obviously, the offset must also be on the client's property.
Plant material
Integrate plant material with fence sections. A backyard completely
surrounded by a solid fence can easily become claustrophobic. Fences
are also expensive. Integrating plants with fences can reduce the overall
cost of the landscape project and develop a more open feeling. Use solid
wood fence for areas where absolute year-round screening is essential.
Trees and shrubs can provide screening for less critical areas and reduce
the monotonous line of long fences.
Fences offer opportunities for distinctive plantings. The strong vertical
lines of the ends of fences or baffles should be tempered with plant
material to blend them with the landscape. Horizontal lines of long
fence sections are softened by plantings including material, such as
small trees, that will grow above the fence and disrupt the line. Corners
created by the junction of two fences create powerful attractions for
the eye of the viewer. These can be mellowed or accentuated with plants,
depending upon the situation and the whim of the designer.
Space
Fences can be used to develop spaces within the landscape. There are
no rules that I am aware of which state that fences mut be located only
on property lines. Fence sections or baffles used within the landscape
creates distinctive and secluded areas. Fences can be used as backdrops
for plantings or to create corner niches for accent plantings. A short
fence section thoughtfully placed near the patio creates year-round
privacy without encircling the entire yard.
Maintenance
Consider maintenance, durability, availability, cost and character
wood when selecting fencing materials. Western red cedar, cypress and
red wood are naturally decay resistant and provide a pleasing character.
Several preservatives are available, including pressure treated material.
All wood that comes in contact with the ground, such as posts and other
supports, must be treated with a preservative. Choose galvanized or
aluminum nails to prevent rust spots and stains from developing on the
boards.
Source: University of Hawaii, CES
Late Summer 1997
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