Tree Fruit Basics

Many gardeners are interested in fruit trees, but are often unaware of which species will do well in northern Illinois and also the amount of work involved in growing tree fruit. Be sure to do your homework in planning a tree fruit planting, as not all tree fruits will do well in northern Illinois.

Extreme winter conditions are the biggest limiting factor when considering tree fruits for the backyard. Crops such as peaches, nectarines, and sweet cherries will suffer when grown in our climate. Apricots have difficulty because they bloom so early in the spring, making them very susceptible to spring frosts. Choices for the northern Illinois home orchard are therefore best made from a list that includes apples, pears, sour cherries, and plums.

All tree fruit crops prefer full sunlight. Although they may in fact grow in partial shade, fruit quality will most likely be lower. Choose a site that has a well-drained soil and also is somewhat higher than the surrounding terrain so cool air will "drain" to avoid frost damage as much as possible. Soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 7.0 are best for tree fruit crops.

An important question to ask yourself prior to starting any fruit trees in the backyard is why they are being grown. Due to pest control and other expenses, you are not likely to save money growing your own. Backyard orchards should primarily be a hobby.

Planting & Care

Apples and other fruit trees are usually planted in the spring. Plant trees at the same depth as they were growing at the nursery. Trees will be more productive if the area underneath is mulched, rather than left in lawn. Do not over fertilize fruit trees, especially apples, as excess vegetative growth will occur at the expense of fruit production. Water trees during drought periods, in particular new plantings and established plantings that have set fruit.

Fruit trees need to be pruned on a regular basis to remain productive. Pruning should be done in the early spring. Regular pruning will assure a strong framework for the tree, so it can support a load of fruit. In addition, regular pruning keeps bearing trees productive, assure good airflow through the tree, and makes it easier to work in the tree. Start pruning newer plantings to develop a strong framework.

Common pest problems include both diseases and insects. Apples are prone to apple scab, a fungus disease that requires fungicide use, especially early in the season. Insect pests such as codling moth and apple maggot become a concern as fruit starts to develop on the tree. Home gardeners growing fruit crops are encouraged to obtain the latest edition of the home fruit pest control guide available from county Extension Offices. This publication outlines suggested pest control (insects, diseases) programs for all the backyard fruit crops. Look for it as a chapter in the latest version of University of Illinois Extension publication C1374 Home, Yard, & Garden Pest Guide.

Protect trunks of fruit trees, especially younger trees, from gnawing animals in winter. Voles, or field mice, will gnaw on bark close to the soil. Clear away any vegetation and place a cylinder of hardware cloth around the base of the trunk for protection. Rabbits will also damage trees in winter. Poultry wire can be placed around trunks for protection.